AP Art History Online

SEMESTER 1

Chapter 1: Art in the Stone Age

·         Discuss the possible reasons for Paleolithic humans' decision to represent the world around them.

·         Outline the kinds of evidence that can be used to infer the purpose of human artistic expression in the many millennia prior to written records.

·         Describe the stylistic conventions humans used to represent the world during the Paleolithic era.

·         Compare the pictorial conventions employed in Paleolithic and Neolithic art.

·         Explain how shifting social systems contributed to the differences between Paleolithic and Neolithic art.

·         Describe how climate change affected human culture and artistic production in the Neolithic era.

·         List the materials and techniques of monumental architecture during the Neolithic era.

·         Outline the appearance of coherent narratives in painting during the Neolithic period.

Chapter 2: Ancient Mesopotamia and Persia

·         Outline the mythology of religion in ancient Mesopotamia and describe the relationship between religion and art.

·         Describe early writing systems and their impact on Mesopotamian cultures.

·         Discuss the Sumerian innovation of arranging two-dimensional narratives in registers.

·         List the innovations of Akkadian artists, who created ruler portraits with divine attributes and were the first to cast hollow life-size bronze sculptures.

·         Compare and contrast Assyrian and Persian palace architecture.

·         Compare and contrast extant examples of Assyrian and Persian relief carving.

·         Identify instances of intercultural exchange between ancient Mesopotamian and Persian civilizations and with other parts of the ancient world.

·         Describe the form and function of the Mesopotamian ziggurat.

Chapter 3: Egypt from Narmer to Cleopatra

·         Describe the role of the Nile River in Egyptian life as well as Egyptian art and architecture.

·         Outline the basic tenets and divinities of the ancient Egyptian religion, especially as regards the afterlife.

·         Discuss the persistence of traditional forms in Egyptian art and architecture.

·         List differences and commonalities in Egyptian funerary and temple architecture.

·         Catalogue the materials used to make Egyptian statues and wall reliefs.

·         Explain the shift in formal and iconographic characteristics during the Amarna period of the New Kingdom.

·         Contrast the primary building materials of early Mesopotamian and early Egyptian architecture.

·         Outline the development and use of the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system.

·         Identify examples of intercultural contact between Egypt and other ancient civilizations.

Chapter 4: The Prehistoric Aegean

·         Differentiate the formal characteristics of Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean art from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Persia.

·         List the principal sites and characteristics of Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean art.

·         Compare and contrast the palatial complexes of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans.

·         Describe the subjects and techniques of Minoan fresco paintings.

·         List aspects of prehistoric Aegean art and architecture that preview those of ancient Greece.

·         Discuss the evidence of intercultural contact among the three Aegean cultures discussed in this chapter, and between the Aegean cultures and ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations.

·         Identify and describe the materials used to create prehistoric Aegean art.

·         List the differences between Minoan and Mycenaean building materials and techniques.

Chapter 5: Ancient Greece

·         Outline the formal and iconographic characteristics of Geometric, Orientalizing, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic art.

·         Identify and describe the sources, orders, and components of ancient Greek architecture, including decorative elements.

·         List the Greek gods and heroes and their attributes.

·         Explain the meaning of idealism in Greek thought and the impact of idealism on Greek sculpture and architecture of the fifth century and afterward.

·         Describe the stylistic evolution and subject matter of Greek vase painting.

·         Describe the unique role played by the city-state of Athens and its Periclean building program in ancient Greek art and culture.

·         Identify historical events and characters that exerted influence on the development of Greek art and architecture.

·         Describe the changes in Greek representations of the human figure from the Geometric to the Hellenistic period, including the materials used in sculpture.

·         Describe the importance and innovations of the Kritios Boy and the Doryphoros of Polykleitos as milestones in Greek art and thought.

Chapter 6: The Etruscans

·         Describe the innovations in Etruscan art that differentiate it from that of the Greeks.

·         Describe the role of trade in Etruscan art and culture.

·         List the ways that terracotta was used in Etruscan art.

·         Explain the forms, materials, and construction of Etruscan tombs.

·         Describe what can be inferred from the decoration of Etruscan tombs about the Etruscan concept of an afterlife.

·         Identify the major elements and materials of an Etruscan temple.

·         Discuss the Etruscan use of metal in art and in everyday objects.

·         Identify aspects of Etruscan art and culture that lived on in Roman art and culture.

Chapter 7: The Roman Empire

·         Identify historical events and characters that influenced the development of Roman art and architecture.

·         Illustrate with concrete examples the freedom with which the Romans handled the classical vocabulary of architecture inherited from the Greeks.

·         Describe the major differences between Roman Republican portraiture and portraits of the Imperial period.

·         Describe the forms, materials, and construction techniques of Roman architecture.

·         Explain how Roman architecture and engineering helped the Roman Empire maintain peace and prosperity in the lands it had conquered.

·         Discuss the relationship of civic building programs and imperial politics.

·         Describe the importance of the arch in Roman architecture and engineering.

·         Explain the relationship between social status and artistic expression.

·         Identify the influences of other ancient cultures on Roman art and architecture

Chapter 8: Late Antiquity

·         Explain the iconographic relationship of Late Antique Jewish and Christian art.

·         Discuss the relationship of Roman and Early Christian art and architecture.

·         Describe how classical sources and materials were adapted in Late Antique Christian iconography.

·         Describe the plan and elevation of an Early Christian church of the fourth century.

·         Explain the organization, function, and ornamentation of Early Christian catacombs.

·         Discuss the materials, techniques, and processes used to create Late Antique art and architecture.

·         Describe the mosaic programs of the Early Christian churches as both innovations and continuations of earlier iconography and techniques.

·         Identify historical events and characters that exerted influence on the development of Late Antique art and architecture.

·         Discuss the unique role of Constantine the Great in bridging classical and Christian worlds.

Chapter 9: Byzantium

·         Distinguish the chronology, geopolitical considerations, and artistic conventions of the two parts of the Roman Empire in the Late Antique and Early Byzantine periods.

·         Explain the unique contribution of Hagia Sophia to the history of architecture.

·         Identify and discuss the persistence of classical traditions in art produced in the Early, Middle, and Late Byzantine periods.

·         Explain the roles of iconophiles and iconoclasts in Byzantine religion and art.

·         Describe the close relationship between Byzantine church architecture and Byzantine church decoration during the Middle Byzantine period.

·         Discuss the types of Byzantine art created for private devotional use, including manuscripts and diptychs.

·         Catalogue the materials and techniques of Byzantine mosaic.

·         Explain the relationship of Byzantine mosaic and architecture.

Chapter 10: The Islamic World

·         Describe the architecture of early Islamic culture and how it relates to Early Christian and Judaic examples.

·         Explain the complex geometric patterning evident in the decorative elements of Islamic architecture such as mosaic, tilework, brickwork, and woodcarving.

·         Describe the mosque and its features; differentiate the features required for worship from those electively added by the architects.

·         List and describe the Islamic minor arts, including calligraphy, metalwork, and textiles.

·         Differentiate between early Islamic architecture and later Islamic architecture.

·         Compare and contrast the architecture of the Alhambra with the structures designed by the architect Sinan.

·         Compare and contrast the Mosque of Selim II and the Hagia Sophia.

·         Discuss the luxury arts of the later Islamic world.

Chapter 11: Early Medieval Europe

·         Describe how Celtic art contributed to the beginning of a brand new attitude in European painting.

·         Discuss the influence of classical and early Christian sources on early medieval art and architecture.

·         Explain the role of vaulting and other support systems in early medieval church architecture.

·         Describe the origin of the Carolingian Renaissance and its impact on art and architecture.

·         Analyze the role monasteries played in the creation, preservation, and dissemination of manuscripts.

·         Discuss the role of metalwork in early medieval art.

Chapter 12: Romanesque Europe

·         Discuss the development of Romanesque building techniques and the design challenges that led to the various advances.

·         List the ways pilgrimage journeys influenced Romanesque architecture.

·         Discuss economic forces affecting Romanesque art and architecture.

·         Identify the regional variations in Romanesque figural arts as evident in sculpture and drawing.

·         Explain how and where large-scale figural sculpture returned to Europe during the Romanesque period.

·         Discuss the significance of Santiago de Compostela to Romanesque art and architecture.

·         Explain the role of monastic orders in the creation of Romanesque art and architecture.

·         Describe the effect that the Crusades and Romanesque architecture and art had on each other

Chapter 13: Gothic Europe North of the Alps

·         Describe the unique qualities of Gothic expression in England and Germany.

·         Identify the various elements of the plan and elevation of Gothic churches and explain their functions.

·         Explain how contemporary economic conditions are reflected in Gothic art and architecture.

·         Identify examples of classical influence in Gothic sculpture.

·         Describe the influence of the cult of the Virgin Mary on Gothic art and architecture.

·         Describe the evolution of Gothic vaulting in cathedral architecture.

·         List the ways the desire for light served as an important catalyst for change in cathedral architecture.

·         Describe the materials and techniques of Gothic stained glass.

Chapter 15: South and Southeast Asia before 1200

·         Describe the monuments of the Indus Civilization and characterize its treatment of the human figure.

·         Explain how Buddhist beliefs were expressed in the iconography, art, and architecture of successive early periods in ancient India and Southeast Asia.

·         Explain how Hindu beliefs were expressed in the iconography, art, and architecture of successive early periods in ancient India and Southeast Asia.

·         Identify the attributes meant to identify the Buddha in art and discuss how the major episodes from his life are depicted in art.

·         Identify at least three iconographic details that reflect variations in Hindu beliefs in different parts of India and Southeast Asia.

·         Differentiate between southern- and northern-style Hindu temples.

·         Distinguish the varieties of Hindu and Buddhist art and architecture in different regions of Southeast Asia, specifically Myanmar, Java, and Cambodia.

·         Identify examples of intercultural contact among the groups of India and Southeast Asia, and between Asian and other ancient civilizations.

Chapter 16: China and Korea to 1279

·         Identify innovations of Neolithic China in art.

·         Explain how excavation of early Chinese tombs has affected our view of early Chinese art.

·         Describe the significant artistic and architectural elements of the dynasties (Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han) prior to the Six Dynasties period.

·         Discuss the impact of Daoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism on Chinese art and architecture.

·         List the materials and formats used by Chinese painters.

·         Describe the architectural and artistic accomplishments of the Tang and Song dynasties.

·         Identify how belief systems appearing around Buddhism affected Chinese art.

·         Describe the unique contributions of Korea to art and architecture in the earlier periods and after the adoption of Buddhism.

Chapter 17: Japan before 1333

·         Outline the artistic and architectural accomplishments of each of the pre-Buddhist periods in Japan.

·         Distinguish between Shinto and Buddhist shrine architectural strategies.

·         Describe the unique place of the inner shrine at Ise in the history of architecture.

·         List the materials and styles of Japanese Buddhist sculpture.

·         Recognize the various external influences on Japanese architecture.

·         Explain the relationship of scroll painting to Japanese society and culture.

·         Discuss how communication with China and Korea affected Japanese art and architecture.

Chapter 18: Native American Cultures before 1300

·         Discuss the Olmec culture and its role as the mother culture of Mesoamerica.

·         Describe the art and monumental architecture of Teotihuacán.

·         Identify the formal and iconographic characteristics of the art and architecture of the Classic Maya culture.

·         List the early South American cultures and their artistic and architectural accomplishments.

·         Describe the importance of textiles to Andean cultures.

·         Explain the portability of art objects created by Early Native American Woodlands artists.

·         Discuss the architectural constructions of the Native Americans, from the mounds of the Mississippian culture to the pueblos and kivas of the Anasazi.

·         Describe the ceramic traditions of American cultures, including Mimbres pottery, Nasca and Moche ceramics, and Jaina clay sculpture.

Chapter 19: Africa before 1800

·         Describe the core beliefs held by many African cultures and identify their expression  in art.

·         Discuss the traditions of figural sculpture practiced by distinct early African cultures.

·         Explain how African objects functioned in their social contexts.

·         List the challenges to creating a chronology and overview of the art history of the continent of Africa.

·         Describe the effect of Christian and Islamic inroads on sub-Saharan cultures.

·         Describe the trade network of the Great Zimbabwe culture and the impact it had on their artistic and architectural production.

·         Catalogue the innovations evident in the Great Mosque in Djenne, Mali.

·         Detail the impact that the Portuguese had on the artworks of the Sapi culture.

SEMESTER 2 

Chapter 14: Late Medieval Italy

·         Explain how the plague affected artistic production in 14th-century Italy.

·         Describe the role humanism played in 14th-century Italian art.

·         Discuss the rise of professional artists' guilds and the new emphasis on individual artists.

·         List the material, formal, and technical characteristics of 14th-century Italian architecture.

·         Explain the crucial role of Giotto and of Duccio in the development of Italian painting.

·         Explain how massing (illusion of weight and solidity) was crucial to the search for a new kind of space in the painting of "Proto-Renaissance" artists.

·         Explain the reintroduction of optical effect in the art of the 14th century.

·         List the major centers of innovation in 14th-century Italian art.

Chapter 20: Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Northern Europe

·         List the contributions of the Dukes of Burgundy to late medieval and early Renaissance art.

·         Identify the innovations in Claus Sluter’s Well of Moses that point toward a new kind of sculpture in northern Europe.

·         Explain what makes iconography such an important part of the study of art history in Flemish regions.

·         Explain the domestic localization of holy stories in Flemish painting (for example, the Mérode Triptych).

·         Identify the influence of patrons in examples of 15th-century northern European art.

·         Explain how economic conditions were reflected in works of art of the period.

·         Discuss the intermingling of secular and sacred material in northern art, including the donor portrait.

·         Outline the new artistic media that arose in response to the invention of the printing press.

Chapter 21: The Renaissance in Quattrocento Italy

·         Describe the impact of Renaissance humanism on art in Florence.

·         List the major formal developments in Quattrocento sculpture.

·         Outline the major formal developments in Quattrocento painting.

·         Discuss the formal and material characteristics of 15th-century Italian architecture.

·         Describe the first public demonstration of perspective.

·         Explain the relationship of humanism, science, and artistic production.

·         Explain the role of princely courts on innovations in and support of art.

·         Catalogue the materials and techniques of Renaissance painting, sculpture, and printmaking.

Chapter 22: Renaissance and Mannerism in Cinquecento Italy

·         Describe the role of Florence, Rome, and Venice in the Italian High Renaissance.

·         Discuss the style and artistic goals of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

·         Outline the trends in architecture of this period and identify principal monuments.

·         Identify the characteristics that distinguish Mannerist art from High Renaissance art.

·         Discuss the status of artists in Renaissance society.

·         Describe the role of women as artists and as painters in this period.

·         Explain how the experiments of 15th-century artists were employed by 16th-century artists.

·         Compare the artistic philosophies that distinguished Venetian Renaissance art from contemporary Florentine and Roman work.

Chapter 23: High Renaissance and Mannerism in Northern Europe and Spain

·         Explain how 16th-century northern European art reflects the principles of the Protestant Reformation.

·         Describe Dürer’s art theory and its impact on his work.

·         Discuss the history, processes, and functions of prints in northern Europe.

·         Detail the role of patrons in the art and architecture of the 16th century.

·         Discuss the development of art and architecture during this period in France, especially as influenced by the patronage of Louis I.

·         Outline the role of women as both artists and patrons during this period.

·         Describe the influence of Italian Renaissance and Mannerist art in northern Europe and Spain.

·         Describe how 16th-century Spanish art embodies the principles of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Chapter 24: The Baroque in Italy and Spain

·         Explain the Baroque elements contributing to the final design and appearance of Saint Peter’s in Rome.

·         Describe how Bernini and Borromini manipulated classical architectural elements to engender a sense of energy and drama.

·         Describe the critical part played by Caravaggio and Gentileschi in defining a new kind of representation in painting.

·         Define tenebrism and describe its impact on art both inside and outside of Italy.

·         Discuss how Spanish artists incorporated the values and emphasis of the Counter-Reformation in their works in Spain and New Spain.

·         Describe the career and artistic achievements of the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez, including his work under the patronage of Philip IV.

·         Explain the significance of the classical tradition in examples of 17th-century art and architecture.

·         Describe the advances and innovations in ceiling painting in Baroque buildings.

Chapter 25: The Baroque in Northern Europe

·         Explain the religious and economic factors that influenced the artistic forms and subjects of this period in northern Europe.

·         Describe the role of Peter Paul Rubens and others in Flemish art and in other spheres of life in Flanders.

·         Describe the economic conditions in the Dutch Republic that gave rise to a wealthy middle class, and discuss the artistic tastes and preferences of that group.

·         Discuss the meaning and symbolism of luxury items represented in Dutch painting, especially in portraits and scenes showing domestic interiors.

·         Describe the works and careers of Rembrandt van Rijn and Johannes Vermeer.

·         Describe the effects of the artistic patronage of Louis XIV on the art and architecture of France, especially the innovations of the palatial complex at Versailles.

·         Explain the return of classical ideas and ideals to the art of northern Europe during the Baroque.

·         List important architectural projects in England during the 17th century as well as the socioeconomic conditions that produced them.

Chapter 26: Rococo to Neoclassicism: The 18^th Century in Europe and America

·         Describe similarities and differences in French Rococo and French Baroque art.

·         Explain why fête galante paintings were popular in Rococo France.

·         Name and describe the work of an artist who adapted the Rococo manner to huge ceiling frescoes.

·         Explain what effect the Enlightenment had on 18th-century European and American art.

·         Identify which French painters were most closely allied with the thinking of Rousseau.

·         Describe the role of Neoclassicism in the end of the Rococo style as well as the relationship of Neoclassicism and politics in France.

·         Describe the role of Thomas Jefferson in popularizing Neoclassicism in the United States.

·         Analyze the impact of the French Revolution on painting of the period.

Chapter 27: Romanticism, Realism, Photography: Europe and America, 1800 to 1871

·         Discuss the role Neoclassicism played in art and architecture under Napoleon.

·         Describe the differences between Neoclassicism and Romanticism.

·         Explain how and why architecture of this period revived prior architectural styles.

·         Analyze the influence of the exotic, erotic, and fantastic in the development of European art in the early 19th century.

·         Explain how you classify Francisco Goya’s work in terms of “isms.”

·         Compare and contrast Romanticism in Germany, England, and the United States.

·         Explain the relationship of the social order of France in the mid-19th century to the popularity of Realism in that society’s painting and printmaking.

·         Employ two contrasting examples to discuss the role of gender and race in artworks from this period.

·         List the major Realist painters in France.

·         Discuss two instances of how architecture of this period responded to social and political forces.

·         Use an example from this period to show the connection between art and literature.

·         Explain the influence that early photography had on painting.

·         Describe how early photography both fit and did not fit definitions of the time of what constituted “fine art.”

Chapter 28: Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Symbolism: Europe and America, 1870 to 1901

·         Describe the significance of time and transient effects on Impressionism.

·         Discuss the initial reaction to Impressionism.

·         Explain why Post-Impressionism is not a unified style.

·         Analyze the differing approach to painting by four major Post-Impressionist artists.

·         Explain why Symbolism is very different from both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism.

·         Demonstrate why Rodin had such an important influence on modern art.

·         Discuss the aims of both the Arts and Crafts movement and the Art Nouveau movement.

·         List three examples of architecture that embraced new building materials and techniques before the end of the 19th century.

·         Explain how the term organic applies to two or three examples of art, design, or building from this period.

·         Analyze the influence of non-European art on Post-Impressionist painting.

Chapter 29: Modernism in Europe, 1900 to 1946

·         Describe the characteristics of three art movements in the early 20th century that departed radically from 19th-century art.

·         Assess why the short period from 1905 to 1910 was crucial to the development of both modern art and modern physics.

·         Analyze the influence of non-European art on the development of Pablo Picasso’s work.

·         Discuss the relationship between art and World War I.

·         Explain the meanings of “total architecture” and “machines for living.”

·         Interpret an instance of how one of the “isms” in this period was the product of intense artistic collaboration.

·         Explain what is meant by the “treachery of images” and why this concept is important for early-20th-century art.

·         List at least three artists associated with Surrealism.

·         Compare the architecture of Gropius and Le Courbusier.

Chapter 30: Modernism in the United States and Mexico, 1900 to 1946

·         Analyze the impact of the Armory Show on American art and attitudes.

·         Explain why Alfred Stieglitz was an important figure in the development of painting and sculpture as well as photography in early modern American art.

·         List the key art movements and their artists in Mexico from 1930 to 1945.

·         Discuss the Harlem Renaissance and its significance within the development of American art.

·         Describe why Grant Woods’s American Gothic is an example of Regionalism.

·         Compare the differences between Art Deco and organic architecture.

·         Describe the ways the art patronage and matronage shaped the development of early-20th-century American art.

·         Relate two examples of how humor played a role in American art of this period.

Chapter 31: Modernism and Postmodernism in Europe and America, 1945 to 1981

·         Compare gestural abstraction and chromatic abstraction in American art.

·         Describe the reaction represented by Post-Painterly Abstraction.

·         Explain how Pop Art was a response the idea of abstract art.

·         Analyze the marriage of social concerns and certain forms or forces in modern art.

·         Explain the differences between modernist architecture (including the International School) and postmodern architecture.

·         Demonstrate why some critics explain Conceptual Art as an attack on the economics

·         of art.

·         Discuss the significance of Performance Art in the evolution of 20th-century art.

·         Describe the role of “new media” in the evolution of modern art.

·         List the main features of modern sculpture.

Chapter 32: Contemporary Art Worldwide

·         Explain with examples how many contemporary artists use art in differing ways to address pressing social and political issues.

·         List examples of artists for whom gender and sexuality are central themes.

·         Discuss whether contemporary art must be considered on a worldwide or global basis.

·         Define brutal realism.

·         Describe basic distinguishing characteristics of Hi-Tech architecture and Deconstructivist architecture.

·         Demonstrate, with an example, how site-specific work can blur the distinction between sculpture and other forms of creation.

·         Discuss an example of contemporary art that represents the expanded definition in our era of how “art” can be defined.

·         Analyze the use by a contemporary artist of subject matter or styles from a prior era

of art.

Chapter 33: South and Southeast Asia, 1200 to 1981

·         Describe the movement of Islam across the Indian subcontinent.

·         Discuss the impact of the Mughal Empire on the art of India.

·         Analyze how Mughal artists created miniature paintings for manuscripts.

·         List examples of the ways the art of the Rajput kingdom differed from that of the Mughal Empire.

·         Explain the circumstances surrounding the construction of the Taj Mahal.

·         Demonstrate the changing role that the British played in Indian artistic endeavors from colonization through Indian independence.

·         Describe the role of Indian nationalism in 19th- and 20th-century Indian art.

·         Explain how Indian artists of the last century incorporate earlier themes and styles into their work.

·         Discuss Buddhist beliefs in terms of that religion’s impact on art and architecture in Thailand and Myanmar (Burma).

Chapter 34: China and Korea, 1279 to 1981

·         Interpret the impact the Mongol emperors had on the arts of China.

·         Compare Chinese literati painters of the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

·         Describe the Ming Imperial City, including the Forbidden City and the pleasure gardens.

·         Discuss the concept of “primordial line” in Qing literati painting.

·         Describe the process of producing Chinese lacquered wood.

·         Explain two different instances of foreign influence in Chinese arts and culture.

·         List the porcelain traditions in China from the Yuan to the Qing dynasties.

·         Analyze the impact of Communism on Chinese art.

·         Compare the use of the gateway in Chinese and Korean architecture.

Chapter 35: Japan, 1333 to 1981

·         Describe the religious and artistic changes that appeared during the Muromachi period in Japan.

·         Explain Zen Buddhism’s influence on Japanese art and architecture.

·         Discuss how Japanese art of the Momoyama period reflects that era’s warlord control in Japan.

·         Describe the role of art in the Japanese tea ceremony.

·         Analyze the gradual changes that appear in Japanese art when the capital moved from Kyoto to Tokyo.

·         List the factors that account for the rapid entry of Japanese art and architecture into the international milieu.

·         Compare the style of the two Muromachi painters, Sesshu Toyo and Kano Motonobu.

·         Discuss the advent of the Rinpa school as an alternative to the traditional schools of painting.

·         Demonstrate how the combination of traditional art with crafts created new avenues of creation.

·         Explain how the increasingly urban population of Japan enabled both literati styles and ukiyo-e.

·         Contrast the factors behind the Westernization of Japanese oil painting and the work of Ernest Fenollosa and Okakura Kakuzo to resist this Westernization.

·         Discuss how folk art and refined rusticity impacted Japanese ceramic traditions.

Chapter 36:  Native American Cultures, 1300 to 1981

·         Describe the extent of Aztec power in the period before the Spanish conquest.

·         List the chief subjects of Aztec art.

·         Analyze what the architecture and reliefs of Tenochtitlán reveal about Aztec society.

·         Explain the close relationship between Inka engineering and Inka art, architecture, and urban planning.

·         Compare preconquest Maya books with the later Native American decoration of ledger books.

·         Recall major monuments of Southwest Native American societies.

·         Describe the role played by masks in the arts of nations of the Northwest.

·         Explain how the design and decoration of totem poles relate to their function in Haida culture.

·         Debate the impact of US government actions on the arts and cultures of Plains societies.

Chapter 37: Oceania before 1981

·         Describe the relationship of Dreamings and the X-ray style in Australian art.

·         Explain where one would find a bisj pole as well as the pole’s purpose.

·         List the central architectural features of an Iatmul village.

·         Analyze the role of ancestors in the art and architecture of Oceania.

·         Interpret the form and function of the Dilukai figures.

·         Describe the likely purpose of the colossal monolithic sculptures on Rapa Nui (Easter Island).

·         List the uses of barkcloth in the art of Oceania.

·         Explain the purposes of tattooing in Polynesia.

·         Discuss the arts produced for the Hawaiian kings.

Chapter 38: Africa, 1800 to 1981

·         Compare two examples of traditional African arts that survived into the 19th century.

·         Explain the hierarchy of importance of African royal arts.

·         Understand and describe the importance of Akati Akpele Kendo.

·         Describe the power figure in Kongo art.

·         Analyze the technique and purpose of combining metal with woodcarving.

·         Explain the importance of the ancestral altar of King Eweka II of Benin.

·         Debate the assertion: “In Africa, art is nearly always an active agent in the lives of its peoples.”

·         Discuss an example of “coded information” included in African costume and jewelry, as well as other forms of body adornment such as elaborate coiffures and body painting.