AP Biology Online

Semester 1

1: Invitation to Biology

·         Application: Secret Life of Earth

·         Life Is More than the Sum of Its Parts

·         How Living Things Are Alike

·         How Living Things Differ

·         Organizing Information About Species

·         The Science of Nature

·         Analyzing Experimental Results

·         The Nature of Science

2: Life’s Chemical Basis

·         Mercury Rising

·         Building Blocks of Matter

·         Why Electrons Matter

·         Chemical Bonds

·         Hydrogen Bonding and Water

·         Acids and Bases

3: Molecules of Life

·         Fear of Frying

·         The Chemistry of Biology

·         Lipids

·         Proteins

·         Nucleic Acids

4: Cell Structure

·         Food for Thought

·         What Is a Cell?

·         Introducing the Prokaryotes

·         Introducing the Eukaryotic Cell

·         The Endomembrane System

·         Mitochondria

·         Chloroplasts and Other Plastids

·         The Cytoskeleton

·         Cell Surface Specializations

·         The Nature of Life

5: Ground Rules of Metabolism

·         A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase

·         Energy in the World of Life

·         Energy in the Molecules of Life

·         How Enzymes Work

·         Metabolic Pathways

·         Cofactors

·         A Closer Look at Cell Membranes

·         Diffusion Across Membranes

·         Membrane Transport Mechanisms

·         Membrane Trafficking

6: Where It Starts – Photosynthesis

·         Biofuels

·         Overview of Photosynthesis

·         Sunlight as an Energy Source

·         The Light-Dependent Reactions

·         The Light-Independent Reactions

7: Releasing Chemical Energy

·         Risky Business

·         Introduction to Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways

·         Aerobic Respiration Continues

·         Aerobic Respiration Ends

·         Fermentation

·         Alternative Energy Sources in Food

8: DNA Structure and Function

·         A Hero Dog’s Golden Clones

·         Discovery of DNA’s Function

·         Discovery of DNA’s Structure

·         Eukaryotic Chromosomes

·         DNA Replication

·         Mutations: Cause and Effect

·         Cloning Adult Animals

9: From DNA to Protein

·         Ricin, RIP

·         DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression

·         Transcription: DNA to RNA

·         RNA and the Genetic Code

·         Translation: RNA to Protein

·         Consequences of Mutations

10: Control of Gene Expression

·         Between You and Eternity

·         Regulating Gene Expression

·         Regulating Gene Expression in Development

·         Regulating Gene Expression to Adjust Metabolism

·         Epigenetics

11: How Cells Reproduce

·         Henrietta’s Immortal Cells

·         Multiplication by Division

·         A Closer Look at Mitosis

·         Cytoplasmic Division

·         Marking Time with Telomeres

·         When Mitosis Is Dangerous

12: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

·         Why Sex?

·         Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction

·         Visual Tour of Meiosis

·         Meiosis Fosters Genetic Diversity

·         An Ancestral Connection

13: Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits

·         Menacing Mucus

·         Mendel, Pea Plants, and Inheritance Patterns

·         Mendel’s Law of Segregation

·         Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

·         Non-Mendelian Inheritance

·         Nature and Nurture

·         Complex Variation in Traits

14: Chromosomes and Human Inheritance

·         Shades of Skin

·         Human Chromosomes

·         Autosomal Inheritance

·         X-Linked Inheritance

·         Changes in Chromosome Structure

·         Changes in Chromosome Number

·         Genetic Screening

15: Studying and Manipulating Genomes

·         Personal Genetic Testing

·         DNA Cloning

·         Isolating Genes

·         DNA Sequencing

·         Genomics

·         Genetic Engineering

·         Designer Plants

·         Biotech Barnyards

·         Editing Genomes

16: Evidence of Evolution

·         Reflections of a Distant Past

·         Old Beliefs and New Discoveries

·         Evolution by Natural Selection

·         Fossils: Evidence of Ancient Life

·         Changes in the History of Earth

17: Processes of Evolution

·         Superbug Farms

·         Alleles in Populations

·         Genetic Equilibrium

·         Patterns of Natural Selection

·         Natural Selection and Diversity

·         Nonselective Evolution

·         Reproductive Isolation

·         Models of Speciation

·         Macroevolution

18: Organizing Information About Species

·         Bye Bye Birdie

·         Phylogeny

·         Comparing Form and Function

·         Comparing Molecules

·         Comparing Development

·         Phylogeny Research

19: Life’s Original and Early Evolution

·         Looking for Life

·         The Early Earth

·         Organic Monomers Form

·         From Polymers to Protocells

·         The Age of Prokaryotes

·         A Rise in Oxygen

·         Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes

Semester 2

20: Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea

·         The Human Microbiota

·         Virus Structure and Function

·         Viral Replication

·         Viruses and Human Health

·         Prokaryotic Structure and Function

·         Metabolic Diversity in Prokaryotes

·         Major Bacterial Lineages

·         Bacteria as Pathogens

·         Archaea

21: Protists-The Simplest Eukaryotes

·         Malaria: A Protistan Disease

·         A Diverse Collection of Lineages

·         Excavates

·         Stramenopiles

·         Alveolates

·         Rhizarians

·         Archaeplastids

·         Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

28: Plant Nutrition and Transport

·         Leafy Cleanup

·         Plant Nutrients

·         Root Adaptations for Nutrient Uptake

·         Movement of Water in Plants

·         Movement of Organic Compounds in Plants

29: Life Cycles of Flowering Plants

·         Plight of the Honeybee

·         Floral Structure and Function

·         A New Generation Begins

·         Flower Sex

·         Seed Formation

·         Fruits

·         Early Development

·         Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants

30: Communication Strategies in Plants

·         Prescription: Chocolate

·         Chemical Signaling in Plants

·         Auxin and Cytokinin

·         Gibberellin

·         Abscisic Acid and Ethylene

·         Movement

·         Responses to Recurring Environmental Change

·         Responses to Stress

31: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems

·         Making Replacement Cells

·         Animal Body Plans

·         Epithelial Tissue

·         Connective Tissues

·         Muscle Tissue

·         Nervous Tissue

·         Organ Systems

·         Human Skin

·         Maintaining Homeostasis through Negative Feedback

32: Neural Control

·         Impacts of Concussions

·         Animal Nervous Systems

·         Cells of the Nervous System

·         Electrical Signaling in Neurons

·         Chemical Signaling by Neurons

·         Neurotransmitter Function

·         The Peripheral Nervous System

·         Cells and Tissues of the Central Nervous System

·         The Spinal Cord

·         The Vertebrate Brain

·         The Human Cerebral Cortex

·         Emotion and Memory

·         Studying Brain Function

34: Endocrine Control

·         Endocrine Disruptors

·         The Vertebrate Endocrine System

·         The Nature of Hormone Action

·         The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

·         The Pineal Gland

·         Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

·         Pancreatic Hormones

·         The Adrenal Glands

·         The Gonads

·         Invertebrate Hormones

35: Structural Support and Movement

·         Bulking Up

·         Animal Movement

·         Types of Skeletons

·         Bone Structure and Function

·         Joint Structure and Function

·         Skeletal Muscle Function

·         How Muscle Contracts

·         Nervous Control of Muscle Contraction

·         Muscle Metabolism

36: Circulation

·         A Shocking Save

·         Circulatory Systems

·         Human Cardiovascular System

·         The Human Heart

·         Vertebrate Blood

·         Arteries and Arterioles

·         Blood Pressure

·         Exchanges at Capillaries

·         Back to the Heart

·         Blood and Cardiovascular Disorders

·         Interactions with the Lymphatic System

37: Immunity

·         Community Immunity

·         Integrated Responses to Threats

·         Surface Barriers

·         Mechanisms of Innate Immunity

·         Antigen Receptors

·         Overview of Adaptive Immunity

·         Adaptive Immunity I: An Antibody-Mediated Response

·         Adaptive Immunity II: The Cell-Mediated Response

·         When Immunity Goes Wrong

38: Respiration

·         Carbon Monoxide—A Stealthy Poison

·         The Nature of Respiration

·         Invertebrate Respiration

·         Vertebrate Respiration

·         Human Respiratory System

·         How We Breathe

·         Gas Exchange and Transport

·         Respiratory Adaptations

·         Respiratory Diseases and Disorders

39: Digestion and Nutrition

·         Breaking It Down

·         Animal Digestive Systems

·         Human Digestive Tract

·         Chewing and Swallowing

·         The Stomach

·         The Small Intestine

·         The Large Intestine

·         Nutritional Requirements

·         Maintaining a Healthy Weight

40: Maintaining the Internal Movement

·         Urine Tests

·         Fluid Volume and Composition

·         Excretory Organs

·         The Human Urinary System

·         How Urine Forms

·         Regulating Solute Levels

·         Impaired Kidney Function

·         Excretory Adaptations

·         Heat Gains and Losses

·         Responses to Cold and Heat

41: Animal Reproduction

·         Assisted Reproduction

·         Modes of Animal Reproduction

·         Organs of Sexual Reproduction

·         Sex Organs of Human Females

·         Female Reproductive Cycles

·         Sex Organs of Human Males

·         Bringing Gametes Together

·         Contraception and Infertility

·         Sexually Transmitted Diseases

42: Animal Development

·         Prenatal Problems

·         Stages of Animal Development

·         From Zygote to Gastrula

·         Tissue and Organ Formation

·         Evolutionary Developmental Biology

·         Overview of Human Development

·         Early Human Development

·         Emergence of Distinctly Human Features

·         Structure and Function of the Placenta

·         Labor, Birth, and Lactation

43: Animal Behavior

·         Can You Hear Me Now?

·         Factors Affecting Behavior

·         Instinct and Learning

·         Movements and Navigation

·         Communication Signals

·         Mating and Parental Behavior

·         Group Living

·         Altruism and Eusociality

44: Population Ecology

·         Managing Canada Geese

·         Population Demographics

·         Modeling Population Growth

·         Limits on Population Growth

·         Life History Patterns

·         Predation Effects on Life History

·         Human Population Growth

45: Community Ecology

·         Fighting Foreign Fire Ants

·         What Factors Shape Community Structure?

·         Mutualism

·         Competitive Interactions

·         Predator–Prey Interactions

·         Evolutionary Arms Races

·         Parasites and Parasitoids

·         How Communities Change

·         Biogeographic Patterns in Community Structure

46: Ecosystems

·         Too Much of a Good Thing

·         The Nature of Ecosystems

·         The Nature of Food Webs

·         Measuring Ecosystem Properties

·         Biogeochemical Cycles

·         The Water Cycle

·         The Carbon Cycle

·         Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change

·         Nitrogen Cycle

·         The Phosphorus Cycle

47: The Biosphere

·         Going with the Flow

·         Global Air Circulation Patterns

·         Oceans, Landforms, and Climate

·         The El Niño Southern Oscillation

·         Biomes

·         Deserts

·         Grasslands and Dry Shrublands

·         Broadleaf Forests

·         Coniferous Forests

·         Tundra

·         Freshwater Ecosystems

·         Coastal Ecosystems

·         Coral Reefs

·         The Open Ocean

48: Human Impacts on the Biosphere

·         Life in the Anthropocene

·         The Extinction Crisis

·         Harmful Land Use Practices

·         Effects of Pollutants

·         Ozone Depletion and Pollution

·         Effects of Global Climate Change

·         Conservation Biology

·         Reducing Negative Impacts